Il Mito della Caverna, o “allegoria della caverna”, si trova nel Libro VII della “Repubblica” di Platone, opera fondamentale della filosofia occidentale. È un’immagine potente per descrivere la condizione umana rispetto alla conoscenza, alla verità e all’educazione.
???? Testo (in traduzione italiana classica)
“Immagina degli uomini in una dimora sotterranea, simile a una caverna, che ha l’ingresso aperto alla luce, lungo tutta la larghezza della caverna. In essa gli uomini sono stati rinchiusi fin dall’infanzia, con le gambe e il collo incatenati in modo da non potersi muovere né volgere il capo; possono solo guardare davanti a sé. Dietro di loro, lontano, brilla un fuoco, e fra il fuoco e i prigionieri corre una strada rialzata.
Su questa strada immagina che si portino oggetti vari, statue d’uomini e d’animali in legno e pietra, che sporgono oltre il muro, e che alcuni dei portatori parlino, altri no.
[…] Quegli uomini, fin da bambini, non hanno mai potuto vedere altro che le ombre proiettate sul fondo della caverna: le ombre delle cose che passano dietro di loro. Perciò penseranno che la realtà sia proprio quelle ombre. […]
Ma se uno di loro venisse liberato, e forzato a voltarsi, a camminare e ad alzare lo sguardo verso la luce del fuoco, proverebbe dolore. E se qualcuno gli dicesse che ciò che vedeva prima erano solo ombre, e che ora si sta avvicinando alla verità, non ci crederebbe. […]
Ma se, trascinato fuori dalla caverna, salisse verso la luce del sole, soffrirebbe molto, i suoi occhi accecati. Solo gradualmente si abituerebbe alla luce, prima vedrebbe le ombre, poi i riflessi nell’acqua, infine gli oggetti reali. E solo alla fine potrebbe guardare il sole stesso.
A quel punto capirebbe che il sole è la causa di tutto ciò che ha visto, della luce e della vita.
Se poi tornasse giù nella caverna per liberare gli altri, i suoi occhi sarebbero ancora abituati alla luce, e verrebbe deriso: “è salito, è tornato cieco”, direbbero. E se cercasse di liberarli, lo ucciderebbero.”
???? Parafrasi semplice
Immagina che alcuni uomini siano vissuti fin dalla nascita dentro una caverna sotterranea. Sono incatenati e costretti a guardare solo la parete di fronte a loro. Alle loro spalle c’è un fuoco e, tra loro e il fuoco, passano persone che portano oggetti. Questi oggetti proiettano ombre sul muro davanti ai prigionieri.
Per quei prigionieri, le ombre sono la realtà: non hanno mai visto altro. Ma se uno di loro venisse liberato e costretto a girarsi verso la luce, all’inizio sarebbe accecato, provando dolore. Non crederebbe a chi gli dice che ciò che vedeva prima erano solo illusioni. Ma se salisse fino all’uscita e vedesse il sole e il mondo vero, capirebbe la verità.
Se poi tornasse nella caverna per raccontarlo agli altri, questi non gli crederebbero e, anzi, lo deriderebbero o lo ucciderebbero.
✨ Significato
La caverna rappresenta il mondo sensibile, quello delle opinioni e delle illusioni.
Le ombre sono le false credenze e ciò che percepiamo con i sensi.
Il prigioniero liberato è il filosofo, che cerca la verità.
La luce del sole simboleggia la conoscenza e l’idea del Bene, che è la verità ultima.
Il ritorno nella caverna rappresenta la difficoltà del filosofo nel comunicare la verità a chi è ancora “prigioniero” dell’ignoranza.
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