Quando dici “glifosato”, metà del tavolo si scandalizza, l’altra metà sbuffa: “è solo un diserbante”. La verità sta in mezzo e si dimostra coi fatti, non con gli slogan. Partiamo dal prodotto, poi vediamo come si usa davvero nei campi e, soprattutto, che cosa è successo a Monsanto (oggi Bayer) dopo le valanghe di denunce.
Monsanto ha sviluppato il diserbante Roundup, a base di glifosato, lanciato sul mercato nel 1974
Cos’è, in due righe tecniche (ma chiare)
Il glifosato è una molecola (N-(fosfonometil)glicina) che inibisce l’enzima EPSP-sintasi nelle piante: senza quell’enzima, la pianta non sintetizza alcuni amminoacidi aromatici e muore. È un erbicida sistemico ad ampio spettro, lanciato nel 1974 con il marchio Roundup (Monsanto, ora Bayer). Nel 2015 lo IARC (OMS) lo ha classificato “probabilmente cancerogeno per l’uomo” (Gruppo 2A); al tempo stesso altre autorità regolatorie (UE/ECHA, EFSA; USA/EPA) non gli attribuiscono un rischio cancerogeno se usato secondo etichetta. (IARC, European Food Safety Authority)
Marchi principali contenenti glifosato
- Roundup (Monsanto, ora Bayer) → il più noto e diffuso.
- Rodeo, Touchdown, Kamba, Cosmic, Gly phogan, Kalex → versioni commerciali in vari mercati.
- Molti prodotti generici sono oggi fabbricati anche da altre aziende chimiche dopo la scadenza del brevetto.
- È presente in migliaia di formulati agricoli venduti globalmente.
Utilizzo TEORICO
- Diserbo agricolo controllato:
- Eliminare infestanti tra le colture prima della semina (“burndown”).
- Mantenere puliti i campi, le aree agricole e i bordi delle strade.
- Uso domestico e urbano: giardini, parchi, vialetti.
- Pratiche previste: applicazione a dosi moderate, su terreni specifici, con protezioni adeguate, rispettando tempi di sicurezza prima del raccolto.
⚠️ Utilizzo REALE
Agricoltura intensiva: uso massiccio su campi di colture OGM resistenti al glifosato (es. soia, mais, cotone “Roundup Ready”).
Pre-raccolta (desiccazione): spruzzato poco prima del raccolto per seccare le colture e facilitarne la mietitura (es. grano, avena).
Uso urbano/stradale: spesso senza adeguati controlli o protezioni.
Questo porta a residui negli alimenti e a contaminazione di suolo e acque, ben oltre gli usi “teorici” dichiarati.
| Categoria | Alimenti specifici | Note (studi/analisi) |
| Cereali | Grano, avena, orzo, mais | Residui frequenti in cereali da colazione (EFSA, 2019) |
| Legumi | Soia, ceci, lenticchie | Alti livelli nei legumi importati (USA, Canada) |
| Frutta | Uva, fragole, ciliegie | Tracce rilevate in frutta trattata pre-raccolta |
| Verdure | Spinaci, cavoli, lattuga | Campioni con residui entro i limiti legali |
| Bevande | Birra, vino | Residui riscontrati in diversi test indipendenti |
| Prodotti trasformati | Pane, biscotti, pasta, cereali per la colazione | Analisi di consumatori e ONG hanno trovato tracce in prodotti confezionati |
Nel 2018 Bayer ha acquistato Monsanto per circa 63 miliardi di dollari (debito incluso):
Una mega-acquisizione strategica per integrare sementi + chimica. Il problema è arrivato dopo: l’ondata di contenziosi USA su Roundup (linfoma non-Hodgkin) ha pesato moltissimo sulla capitalizzazione di Bayer e sui conti, generando accantonamenti e maxi-transazioni.
| Aspetto | Teoria | Pratica | Conseguenze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uso agricolo | Eliminare infestanti in modo selettivo e controllato | Uso massiccio, anche pre-raccolta e su OGM resistenti | Residui alimentari e ambientali |
| Immagine aziendale | Monsanto come innovatrice nel settore agrochimico | Monsanto simbolo della “chimica sporca” | Grave danno reputazionale |
| Situazione legale | Nessun rischio “ufficiale” per enti regolatori USA/EU | CONDANNE IN TRIBUNALE PER LINFOMA NON – HODGKIN | OLTRE 10 MILIARDI DI $ NUOVE CONDANNE |
| Effetti su Bayer | Diversificazione farmaceutica e agricola | Accollo dei contenziosi Monsanto | Perdita finanziaria e crisi strategica |
Per approfondire il Linfoma non-Hodgkin e ai risarcimenti miliardari: Vai alla PARTE 2
Per gli aggiornamenti 2025 in corso, e la copia della lettera originale inviata dalla comunità europea a EFSA e ECHA : Vai alla Parte 3
Fonti
IARC (OMS): classificazione 2A, 2015; monografia e materiali. (IARC)
Commissione UE / EFSA: rinnovo approvazione fino al 15/12/2033; FAQ ufficiali. (Food Safety, European Commission)
Guide operative pre-raccolta (Canada/UK) e materiale tecnico su cereali. (Keep it Clean, ahdb.org.uk, cropscience.bayer.ca)
Acquisizione Monsanto da Bayer (63 mld $). (Bayer)
Transazione 2020 (Roundup) e successiva evoluzione contenziosi. (Reuters)
Residui UE: rapporto EFSA 2022/2023; comunicato EFSA. (European Food Safety Authority, EFSA Online Library)
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